Studies in Sociology 

SOCIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH No. 13 



Vol. IV 



OCTOBER 1919 



No. 1 



EDITED BY EMORY S. BOGARDUS 
Depatlment of Sociology, University of Souihern California 



THE 

FINNS IN LANESVILLE, 

MASSACHUSETTS 



BY 



HELEN BABSON. A.M. 



Published by the Southern California Sociological Society 

University of Southern California 

Los Angeles, California 



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The Finns in Lanesville, Massachusetts 

BY 

HELEN BABSON, A.M.' 



The colony investigated is located at Lanesville, Massachu- 
setts, a small town situated on the northern coast of Cape Ann, 
ten miles from the fishing port of Gloucester and thirty-five 
miles up the North Shore from Boston. It can be reached by 
train over the Boston and Maine Railroad to Gloucester and 
thtnce by an electric line that circles the Cape. The commercial 
outlet, however, is principally by water, through the nearby town 
of Rockport, where the United States has increased the shipping 
facilities of the Harbor by a breakwater that required thirty-five 
years and three million dollars for its construction. 

From the point of view of hygiene, the situation is ideal. 
The whole of Cape Ann is of granite foundation, sloping gradu- 
ally back from the coast and affording excellent natural drain- 
age into the ocean where there is a semi-daily tide rise of twelve 
feet on the average and deep water off the shore. Water facili- 
ties are excellent and there is no evidence that such a disease as 
typhoid has ever occurred in the colony. An abundance of open 
country — big rocky pastures — prevent any possibility of conges- 
tion and with several small sand beaches, curved now and then 
into the granite of the coast, ofifer playgrounds for the second 
generation. 

In 1885 two Finnish fishermen, arriving in Gloucester Harbor 
(Gloucester and Rockport are the two towns on Cape Ann), 
heard of the money to be obtained, and deserted the schooners 

1 Miss Babson received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts from Vassar 
College in 1905 and of Master of Arts from the University of Southern 
California in 1918. She is at present a Student Secretary of the Pacific Coast 
Field of the Young Women's Christian Association and Lecturer in Sociology 
of the University of Southern California. 

1 



for the quarries. With that friendliness so often existing- 
in simple folk, the Finns wrote to their friends in Finnland of 
the economic advantages they had found, and almost immediate- 
ly others began to come. No evidence exists that steamship 
agents played any part in the emigration nor was there at that 
time any pressure in Finnland to cause the people to leave. It 
was, apparently, a clear case of labor seeking the place where 
its scarcity had been the cause of raising the standards of the 
wage. 

By 1890, a considerable number of immigrants had arrived 
and between 1892 and 1900, 1,400 took up residence in Lanes- 
ville. Almost all of them came from Wasa Province in the north- 
western part of Finnland and many were engaged in quarrying- 
in their native land. A few reported farming as their business in 
Finnland but for the greater number the migration did not 
mean a change in occupation. 

The women began to come almost as soon as the men, for 
the Finns are a home loving people ; the boarding system found 
in such large proportion among the Italians and Slavs is never 
practiced to any extent among them. Most of the men brought 
their wives and families with them or sent for them as soon as 
they obtained work. 

There were, of course, often young women in their families 
old enough to go to work. Since there are no large factories in 
the vicinity, opportunity came to them to enter homes as house 
maids. By 1900, numbers of them were coming yearly, for the 
drop in emigration from Ireland, from which country many of 
the household servants of that time came, increased the demand, 
and several of the Finnish women who had come with the early 
arrivals carried on informal employment bureaus for the "green 
Finn" girls. In 1895 such a maid coming directly from Finnland, 
unused to the routine and detail of the American home, unable 
to understand or express herself in the strange tongue, could 
be secured for from one to two dollars a week. When she had 
learned the language, the wages would increase to perhaps three 
dollars but invariably she would marry before she was able really 
to speak English. Although this condition was most unsatis- 
factory for the American housekeeper, since it meant a contin- 
ual "breaking in" of maids, it continued, through sheer lack of 
other source of supply, until about 1910 when the tide of immi- 

XjiiivariT' 
••"* MAY 14 mo 



gratlon turned from Lanesville to Worcester and Pittsfield be- 
cause of the larger opportunity in the mills of those cities. For 
the last eight years Finnish servants are seldom found. 

As has been stated, the men found ready employment in the 
quarries. The work was regulation stone cutting and was but 
one step removed from unskilled labor. In 1890 the working day 
was ten hours in length and the wage paid was at the rate of 
thirteen and a half cents an hour. There was little or no chance 
of promotion. But under his quiet submissive manner the Finn 
was always watching for a chance to obtain better returns and, 
with an independence as real and abiding as it was unostenta- 
tious, soon saw his way to a different financial basis. 

The granite from which paving blocks are made comes from 
the ledges of solid stone which are probably the foundation of 
all Cape Ann. The quarries are established where large portions 
of the solid rock lie above or near the surface of soil which covers 
the foundation ledge. Huge blasts of powder separate this prim- 
eval stone, and the "pave gutter's" task is to split blocks of 
regulation size and shape from the detached masses. Before 
the demand arose for paving stone, most of the market was for 
large rectangular blocks, used in building or bridge construction, 
and because rock, like wood, has a definite grain and line of 
cleavage, the original mass, before the shaping, was much larger 
than the finished rectangle. The much smaller size of paving 
blocks made it possible to use lesser stone masses and in the 
detached boulders scattered all over the meadows of Lanesville 
and Rockport, the Finns saw their opportunity. Without proc- 
lamation or announcement, one by one they left their jobs in 
the quarries and went to work cutting their own paving from 
these boulders, from small outcro])s on the hillsides or even 
from the refuse left outside the quarries, too small for other use. 
In an incredibly short time the locality was dotted with 
'motions," as they were called, — individual establishments set 
up whereever the Finn could find material on which to work. 
His equipment was of the simplest, most primitive order, involv- 
ing almost no capital. A rough wooden bench set under a bit of 
canvas stretched across four posts to shield him from the sun, a 
stout heavy hammer, several steel awls, — and he was ready for 
work. Often the stone could be split without powder, but even 
when blasting was necessary the amount of explosive required 

3 



was slight. His hours of work were regulated by his own desire 
only (they frequently numbered from sunrise to sunset), and his 
children were of service after school in drilling powder holes or 
starting the first of the splitting. With the pressing demand for 
paving, the Rockport Granite Company paid forty dollars a 
thousand for block and at that rate one "motion" could earn from 
fifty-five to sixty-five dollars a month, — a considerable increase 
over the wage amount. 

With this growth of prosperity came the start of house build- 
ing. As has been suggested, the Finns are home lovers and 
the savings of frugal, careful living were invested in land. This 
was then mortgaged for materials for the houses, which in 
almost every case they built themselves. For the men seem able 
to turn their hands to all such tasks ; and carpentry, painting 
and even plumbing were done by friends and neighbors, a group 
working after the day labor was completed, until one house was 
finished, and then turning to some other lot to build another 
house. The houses are small and plain but, although one seldom 
hears a Finn express pride in his possession, the labor put into 
their erection and the care given it during occupancy argues 
for his estimate of its worth. 

From 1900 to 1905 the colony was the largest. During that 
period, however, the demand for paving decreased, owing to 
the increasing use of other street making material, so that by 
1907 the "motions" began to disappear, the men returning to the 
quarry or leaving Lanesville for Worcester or Pittsfield, where 
there was a demand for factory hands. For this reason, very 
little new immigration has come to the Colony for the last eight 
years. This diminution was marked even before the World 
War had its effect on American immigration as a whole. 

From the standpoint of assimilation, the Colony is very 
poorly situated. During the month of July and August, the 
j-nmmer boarders and the artists who frequent the vicinity in 
I'lrge numbers may often pass through it. But during the rest 
of the year, it may be isolated completely, for there is nothing 
to bring the outsider to that side of the Cape, and save for 
occasional trips to Rockport or Gloucester there is nothing to 
take the Finn away. 

Generally speaking, the Finn of this Colony is not as large 
or as strong looking as the Swede or Norwegian. The men as 

4 



a rule are of medium stature and a fat or even stout person is 
a rarity among them. The light hair — often nearly white — and 
the blue eyes of the northern races predominate, but occasion- 
ally one sees brown eyes and less frequently the brown hair. 
A light complexioned mother answered the surprise occasioned 
by the sight of one dark haired youngster among her tow headed 
brood, "The men from Spain, they sail to Finnish shores — long, 
long ago — and some of them stay and marry Finnish women and 
now sometimes our children have the Spanish color." 

To a person unacquainted with the race, the Finns appear 
to have rather a surprising similarity of appearance, due per- 
haps to the fact that they exhibit so little facial expression. Any 
feeling or interest that a Finn may feel is generally hidden 
behind his still eyes and almost masklike face. It is impossible 
to tell what he is thinking or saying or to detect anything about 
his attitude by watching his expression. One almost never hears 
him laugh. 

The Finns are universally vigorous and strong, — capable of 
a tremendous amount of physical exertion and endurance. The 
men wili work all day in the quarries at heavy manual labor — 
especially in the earlier period before the use of machinery made 
less lifting of the stone necessary — and spend the evening work- 
ing in their homes or those of their neighbors. The women will 
frequently do a day of washing or cleaning three days after con- 
finement, and the Finnish servants at the close of a day of heavy 
house work will walk to town, sometimes five miles. Illness is 
seldom found in any form except tuberculosis, which is occas- 
ioned by the lack of ventilation and the heavy heating of the 
houses in the winter . 

To any case of ill health they exhibit a peculiar indiffer- 
ance. During a visit to one of the homes a small child of about 
thirteen crept into the corner by herself to lie exhausted after a 
paroxysm of coughing, and her mother's only comment to the 
rather indignant protest that nothing was done for her was, "She 
die pietty soon." And they are equally stoical and indifferent 
to their own pain. A Finnish maid, who had made no complaint 
of toothache, indicated on her afternoon out that she wished 
to visit a dentist, and there she had extracted without a murmur 
a double tooth whose nerve had been exposed for days. 

Industry seems to be a racial characteristic and idleness is 

5 



almost unknown among them. The men who work for them- 
selves labor from sun-up to sun-down and those who are under 
the laws governing the hours of toil are found after the day's 
time at some home task. Like the people of the middle ages, 
they know how to do every sort of work and one man could 
finish an entire house without the help of modern day special- 
ists, attending even to the plumbing — in a crude way, to be sure 
— himself. The women, besides doing the work of their own 
families, go out to wash and clean and in their spare minutes 
make quantities of rag rugs and knit lace. The rugs which they 
use in the place of carpets are not braided but woven on crude 
hand loo:; s from the rags which they cut and ^ew into long 
strips, with much attention to the color; and often they weave 
designs or the initial of the maker into the scheme. The lace, 
although coarse, is often intricate in design and is used in every 
conceivable place in their homes. Frequently the garments of a 
wee tot show more of the heavy lace than of the material it 
trims. Drawn work and a sort of embroidery like cross stitch 
is often seen, done in bright colors and with large spreading 
designs. Though seldom rapid workers, the Finns are very 
thorough and sure and, when they understand what is expected 
of them, dependable. 

A sense of hospitality splendid in its simplicity is common. 
Carefully dusted chairs are placed for the rent collectors and 
everywhere the homes are opened to the visitor. Among them- 
selves they are much given to friendly gatherings. On winter 
days, too cold or stormy to admit of work in the quarries, 
kitchens are filled to overflowing with men, women and children, 
the men along one wall smoking cheap tobacco in clay pipes, 
the women against the other, busy with their lace or embroidery 
while the children play on the floor. Everybody talks almost 
incessantly, apparently addressing no one in particular, while 
the tightly closed doors and windows and the stove, red hot 
with a roaring fire, make the room far from a pleasant place 
for an American. 

Lacking the quick flare of passion of the southern races, the 
Finns show a high grade of morals, and prostitution seems un- 
known among them. They lack a delicacy and a standard of 
propriety, yet coarsness and lewdness are rarely seen. Thiev- 
ing and similar crimes requiring a cleverness and a quick wit 

6 



are never found, and honesty, as a principle not as a policy, 
prevails. 

It is, of course, a mistake to characterize too closely the men- 
tal capacity of a community as a whole, yet, generally speaking, 
attempts to teach the Finns have been met by what seems to be 
unsurmountable stolidity. A closer study of this, however, seems 
to prove that it is not so much their inability to learn as it is 
their utter lack of understanding of the method used. Somehow 
it seems impossible to sit at a table with the most improved book 
on English for foreigners and obtain results. A certain stoical 
confusion is sure to end the lesson. Yet the same pupil, alone 
in her kitchen, will be heard saying over and over to herself as 
she works, "Dish, fork, water." And in her own primitive fash- 
ion, — which, by the way, is the method used now in the best of 
the books published for this purpose, — she masters the language. 

In the years of the existence of the Colony, there is hardly 
a case of intermarriage outside their own nationality. The with- 
drawal is rather to themselves, not away from others. They 
simply "mind their own business" and go about their simple 
lives indifferent to everything that does not concern them. They 
make no demands on their new country, finding their economic 
and social expression in their own way and in the confines of the 
colony. Yet where relationship has been established they expect, 
with a sort of childish trust, such help as they need. In the days 
when the Colony flourished in large numbers, the man from 
whom they bought their lumber and who held the mortgage on 
some of their homes was frequently summoned to the police sta- 
tion, sometimes at midnight, to furnish bail for the Finn, whose 
day in town had landed him under the hand of the law. 

Of their diet, fish forms the principal dish and is generally 
fried. The rocky shore on which the Colony is situated abounds 
in perch, rock cod and so forth, and the supply for the family 
is easily caught or bought from the ofif-shore fishermen. When 
fresh fish is not obtainable, there is always a supply of hake, 
mackerel or halibut in the Gloucester market. Many families 
have small gardens for vegetables and a hen coop is seen tucked 
away in the corner of many of the yards. The newly arrived 
families make a Finnish bread, — big, round loaves with holes In 
the center and baked very hard (they explain that in Finnland 
they hung the loaves away on sticks through these holes). These 

7 



loaves are made in large numbers with a long time between bak- 
ings and, to the American palate, are sour and disagreeable in 
taste. 

Even in the day when new immigration was coming one 
never saw any peculiarity in the dress of the men, save for the 
fact that they inevitably wore heavy scarfs of coarse wool, which 
they twisted around and around their necks and kept on, indoors 
and out. It seemed to make little difference to them that the 
New England winters were not nearly as severe as those of their 
native land, for they persisted in protecting their throats. The 
women on their arrival wore long, very full woolen skirts of 
some dull color and cotton waists made like a sort of sack, ex- 
tending below the waist, long aprons with a wide border of 
bright embroidery, and, if they were married a square of cotton 
folded into triangular shape tied over the head. The hair was 
drawn tightly back from the face and up into a hard knot behind. 

The mothers, confined to the house, did not for some time 
change this costume, but during the last eight years, when there 
has been no new immigration and the children have more and 
more been introducing American customs, one seldom sees the 
full skirts or head pieces. The younger women who went into 
the homes as servants adopted American styles for their outer 
garments as soon as their wages would allow their purchase, 
but it frequently took over a year's residence to bring about a 
change in the heavy underwear. They gained, as it were, the 
mere outward appearance of Americanization, even to their 
dress. 

Those who own their own houses show much pride in keep- 
ing them clean and neat, and the yards are always in good order. 
It is in the tenements that the best opportunity to study the 
most primitive home conditions are found. Some of these three 
story houses were first built by Finns themselves who planned 
to live in them and rent the unused rooms. But the decline of 
the paving industry prevented the consummation of a business 
project which demanded so large an output of capital. The 
houses are all practically alike, a center hall, steep and narrow 
stairs, with two tenements on either side for each floor. 

The entire Colony contributed to the building of the social 
hall, a large well built structure near the church, where various 
gatherings of a community nature are held. 

8 



Religiously, the Finns show a splendid example of uniform- 
ity. Almost to a man this Colony are Lutherans and the church 
is a dominant factor in their living. In 1900, they built their 
own building in a prominent location in the center of the Colony. 
It is a substantial oblong building costing fifteen hundred dol- 
lars, constructed as are the churches in their own country with 
a small front entry to keep the cold of the outside from the 
main hall. Behind the altar at the back is a large picture of 
Christ in Gethsemane but the rest of the walls are bare, for this 
Colony is a poor one and can contribute per family not over 
twenty-five cents weekly which goes to the support of the min- 
ister, to whom they pay one thousand dollars a year. 

Under the direction of the denomination, a summer school 
of one month is conducted for the children, with the double 
purpose of preparing them for confirmation and of keeping alive 
the Finnish language and tradition in the second generation. 
For while the mother tongue is always the language of the 
home, the children growing up in the American schools do not 
learn to read and write in Finnish. The instructor, a Finnish 
woman explained that the Finnish college in Hancock, Michigan, 
superintended the arrangements for the school and prepared the 
teachers for their duties. The expenses are met by the families 
as far as is possible but, as is the case at Lanesville, the denom- 
ination supplements the budget where the Colony is unable to 
carry it all. The sessions — mornings for the wee folk under ten 
and afternoons for the other children — are held in the church 
hall, cleared for the purpose of its Sunday benches, equipped 
with rough tables made by laying boards across saw horses, 
and arranged in a square around the teacher's desk, — the boys 
along the sides and the girls at the back. Because of the varia- 
tion of age and previous learning, much of the work must be 
done by individual attention, so that the children, one at a time, 
stand by the teacher's desk for recitation. The older children 
memorize the ten commandments (all, of course, in Finnish). 
The folk tales of the race have their piace in the morning sched- 
ule, and history in the afternoon. The children are readv for 
the communion class at about fifteen or sixteen years of age 
and the passing of the examination at its close makes them elig- 
ible for confirmation. The registration for 1917, which was the 
fifth year of the school, shows a total of seventy-six, forty-four 

9 



of whom were in the morning class. The school, in spite of 
lack of equipment, appears to be very well organized and con- 
ducted, and the teacher is most courteous and ready to answer 
questions and explain the general methods. 

It is evident from every angle that the Finns have come to 
America for permanent residence. Besides the testimony of 
houses and church building, questions regarding the matter 
bring surprise that any other idea should be conceived. Yet no 
effort to acquaint themselves with the possibility of uniting 
politically with the new country has been made by the commun- 
ity. When opportunity for naturalization has been presented, 
as it sometimes is by members of their own race or by the 
minister, they do not refuse to become citizens, but the fact 
that a small percentage only have taken out papers is directly 
traceable to lack of effort to interest them rather than to their 
own unwillingness. 

When the government has been negligent, however, other 
organizations have been active. As early as 1890, socialist 
leaders were spreading their ideals in the Colony, a type of 
philosophy not entirely new to the Finns, since much had been 
done in their native land to make its principles familiar. In 
America, however, free from any governmental restraint, the 
idea found opportunity for rapid growth in the Finnish love of 
independence, suppressed for so many years but never de- 
stroyed. In 1895 a branch was formed (not, however, affiliated 
with the national order) and its meetings, with general socialistic 
programs, were held in the social hall. By 1905 this cause had 
so gained the allegiance of the Finns that they purchased a 
building of their own and at the present time various gatherings, 
of both social and business nature, are held there under the aus- 
pices of the local association. 

Like most of the immigration from Northern Europe, the 
Finn undoubtedly makes a good citizen. He has but few vices 
and many of the sturdy virtues, — honesty, industry, temperance 
and best of all a capacity for independence and a genuine desire 
for higher economic and social standards. The second genera- 
tion, tested by the American school, make splendid records. The 
teacher of the Lancsville grammar grades states that the chil- 
dren are intelligent teachable, easy to train in both studies and 
discipline, and that her greatest difficulty lies in their poor Eng- 

10 



lish, which they acquire in the home. The fact that the ])Opu- 
lation of Cape Ann has decreased by several thousands, accord- 
ing to the census of 1900 and 1910, makes it even more impera- 
tive that some step be taken to conserve and use this strong, 
vigorous, new^ blood. If the ability to organize and execute, 
expressed in their church school and their desire for democratic 
ideals which has shown itself in their socialistic societies could 
be turned to the community for its own use, how great would be 
the contribution. 

This would be easily possible through a program of Amer- 
icanization for, as has been stated, the Finn is not indifferent to 
advances in this direction. The simplest agency is, of course, 
the school. There is no good reason why an evening session in 
English, simple arithmetic, special classes in American cook- 
ing and sewing, and talks on American ideals and standards 
should not be conducted. Since there is no summer program 
to use the school building, classes of this nature could easily be 
given during the months of July and August, drawing, if nec- 
essary, from the large summer colony for college people as in- 
structors. With these, regulation Americanization classes such 
as have been put into operation in large cities, could be main- 
tained and at the completion of which arrangements could be 
made for naturalization. Both Gloucester and Rockport have 
"Parent Teachers Associations.'^' which might profitably interest 
themselves in including the Finnish women in their member- 
ship, since the pride in children will often prove an easy avenue 
of approach. It is, indeed, through such agencies as this that 
most can be acomplished, since much of true social value can be 
achieved through working with rather than working for. 

Vocational classes and courses in occupational guidance 
would do much to interest the young people in remaining in 
Lanesville and establishing an hidustrial center. At present, 
there is nothing but work in the quarries open to them and 
many, therefore, leave Lanesville for the mills of western Massa- 
chusetts. They are, for instance, natural farmers, and there is 
much untilled land in the vicinity. 

Co-operation through their strong church organization seems 
possible. Unfortunately, there are no other Lutheran churches 
in the vicinity, but through such inter-denominational agencies 
as the Christian Endeavor, relationship could be established. In 

11 



the summer, when several denominations unite for union picnics, 
an invitation to this sister church might be extended. The 
women's societies could do a great deal in their missionary act- 
ivities if the first step were taken. 

The place, however, where all programs could best center 
is in the Gloucester city government. With the various commit- 
tees of civic administration, one on immigration could be in- 
cluded with responsibility to see that not only this Colony but 
two others within its city limits — one of Portuguese and one of 
Italians — had their share in every possible activity. If the Col- 
ony could be kept informed by this committee, in a fashion which 
they could comprehend, of the civic questions as they arise, 
surely men who care enough to build a social hall for community 
activities would respond to do their share. If newly naturalized 
citizens could, through this committee, be given their chance to 
participate in governmental activities, surely the instinct for 
independence would take opportunity to develop into true dem- 
ocracy, rather than to express itself in the propaganda of soc- 
ialism or radicalism. 

It is, however, a matter of fact that Cape Ann lacks that 
social consciousness without which little of value along this line 
can be put into operation. And so the little Colony continues to 
exist as it has for years, almost entirely to and for itself. What 
the war, with its broadening of social tendencies, may bring to 
this New England conservatism, is only a matter of conjecture, 
but to one who has learned to appreciate the potentialities of the 
Finn, the negligence on the part of the community seems almost 
unforgivable. 



12 



. TDDQRV OF CONGRESS 

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014 078 btt^ ■* 




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